Eating alone linked to poorer nutrition and health in older adults

Scientists found consistent links between eating alone and poorer diet quality, reduced intake of key food groups such as fruit, veg and meat, and an increased risk of weight loss and frailty.

Researchers at Flinders University in Australia collated findings from 20 international studies examining the relationship between eating alone and health among community-living adults aged 65 and over.

They say their findings, published in the journal Appetite, highlight the importance of social connections for older people, especially at mealtimes.

Lead author Caitlin Wyman, a doctoral candidate in Flinders’ Caring Futures Institute, said: “Food is more than the nutritional benefit it provides.

"Sharing a meal is an important social activity that can influence appetite, dietary variety, and overall well-being.

“We knew from previous research that feelings of loneliness and social isolation can contribute to reduced food intake, but we had yet to explore the nutritional and physical outcomes of older adults eating alone versus with others.”

Drawing on data from more than 80,000 older adults across 12 countries, the review revealed that the social setting of eating can have wide-ranging impacts.

While a small number of studies found no difference in nutritional outcomes, the majority showed that eating alone was linked to poorer food choices and lower intake of protein-rich foods, which are important for maintenance of muscle and functional ability.

Some studies also found that eating alone was associated with a greater likelihood of weight loss and an elevated risk of frailty.

The research team says the findings point to mealtime behavior as a potentially modifiable risk factor for poor nutrition in older age.

Wyman said: “We know that aging brings physiological changes such as reduced hunger cues and altered taste, but our findings suggest that social factors are equally important.

“Eating together fosters connection, enjoyment and nourishment.

"Encouraging opportunities for shared meals, whether that’s with family, friends, or community programs, could help improve food intake, nutritional status and quality of life for older adults living at home.”

Co-author Dr. Alison Yaxley says the review supports integrating social and nutritional screening into routine aged care and primary healthcare practices.

She said: “Simple questions about mealtime habits could help identify people at higher nutritional risk.

“By recognizing the link between social isolation and nutrition, health professionals can connect older adults with community meal programs or social dining opportunities that have the potential to make a real difference.”

The research team suggests that community-based initiatives - such as neighborhood meal groups, intergenerational dining programs, or local café partnerships- could help reduce the prevalence of eating alone among older people.

Wyman added: “The recent aged care reforms present a great opportunity to integrate food and nutrition into home-based aged care in Australia and optimize the nutritional status and overall health of the growing number of older adults living in our community."

The team said further research is needed to explore ways to best encourage regular shared meals for older people and how they can be best implemented.