Study shows how sleepless nights affect your brain

The findings show that good sleep may be important for restoring cellular balance in the brain, scientists say.

Researchers have long wondered why exactly humans and other animals need to sleep.

One potential mechanism is that sleep is required to restore synaptic connections and homeostasis in the brain.

Synapses — the connections between brain cells — become stronger during wakefulness, increasing the amount of energy the brain needs and leading to a buildup of proteins in the brain.

Sleep is thought to reset those levels, reducing synaptic connections and restoring homeostasis.

But evidence has so far been limited to animal models.

To determine whether the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis is supported in humans, German scientists used positron emission tomography (PET) to look for markers of synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A), a marker of brain synapses in 40 participants, half of whom had gone one night without sleep.

Their findings, published in the journal PLOS Biology, showed that, after 28 hours of continuous wakefulness, the sleep deprivation group had higher measures of SV2A in several brain regions, including the hippocampus — an area important for memory — and the thalamus, an important information relay in the brain.

Study leader David Elmenhorst said: "When the sleep-deprived participants were allowed a two-hour nap, higher levels of SV2A were associated with more slow wave activity during sleep, a marker of deep sleep and sleep pressure.

"While SV2A is only a proxy for brain cell connections and the elevations were relatively small, the results support the synaptic homeostasis model of sleep, and suggest a biological connection between the need for sleep and the buildup of cell connections."

Elmenhorst, from the Forschungszentrum Jülich Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine in North Rhine-Westphalia, added: “During sleep deprivation, the brain remains awake longer and continues to process stimuli and information.

"Our study shows that after approximately 28.5 hours of wakefulness, a marker for synaptic density increases in several brain regions.

"This suggests that sleep deprivation not only causes fatigue but is also accompanied by measurable changes in neural connections.”