AI can detect heart disease risk through routine mammogram

A new study shows that artificial intelligence (AI) may be used to assess a woman's risk of a heart attack or stroke by analyzing the build-up of calcium deposits in the arteries of the breast from standard X-ray mammography scans currently used in breast cancer screening.

Researchers say the state-of-the-art technique could help save the disproportionate number of women who have undiagnosed and untreated cardiovascular disease.

Study leader Dr. Hari Trivedi said: “Heart disease is the leading cause of death in women worldwide, yet women are consistently underdiagnosed and undertreated compared to men.

“Mammograms, which women already attend for breast cancer screening, can also reveal calcium deposits in breast arteries and this is linked to heart disease.

"We wanted to test whether AI could use this to identify women at risk of cardiovascular disease at no extra cost or inconvenience.”

The study, published in the European Heart Journal, included 123,762 women who had taken part in breast screening, but had no known cardiovascular disease.

Researchers used AI to analyze the amount of calcium deposit in the arteries of the breast tissue.

Such "arterial calcification" is known to be a sign that the arteries are becoming hardened, and indicates a higher risk of a heart attack or stroke, heart failure and death.

The amount of arterial calcification in the women’s breast tissue was categorized as severe, moderate, mild or absent.

The research team compared the categorisation with information on whether the women went on to develop serious cardiovascular disease, including a heart attack or stroke.

They found that women with mild calcification were around 30% more likely to suffer serious cardiovascular disease compared to women with no calcification.

Among women with moderate calcification, the risk was more than 70% higher and in women with severe calcification, the risk was two to three times higher.

Dr. Trivedi, of Emory University in the United States, said: “We found that the more calcium visible in the breast arteries on a mammogram, the higher a woman's risk of a serious heart event such as a heart attack, stroke or heart failure.

"This was true even in younger women under 50 – a group often considered low-risk – and held up after accounting for other risk factors like diabetes and smoking."

He added: "This is the largest study of its kind and covers multiple races and across two major US health systems.

“For women, this means a mammogram you're already having could also provide important information about your heart health – prompting a conversation with your doctor about preventive steps such as cholesterol testing or medication.

"For clinicians, it offers a practical way to identify women at cardiovascular risk who are currently being missed.

“Policymakers could consider integrating this into existing mammography programmes, potentially reaching tens of millions of women annually without any additional infrastructure.

"The main steps needed are integrating the AI tool into existing imaging workflows and establishing clear guidelines for notifying patients and doctors.

"We are now planning a clinical trial designed to test these steps.”

Dr. Lori Daniels, from the University of California, San Diego, welcomed the findings.

In an accompanying editorial, she said: “Two-thirds of women aged 50 to 69 in the European Union reported a mammogram within the prior two years, and in the USA, nearly 70% of women aged 45 years and older were up to date with mammography according to American Cancer Society screening guidelines.

"In contrast, less than 40% of women report knowing their cholesterol levels.

“Breast arterial calcification (BAC) has the potential to reframe this mismatch, leveraging a widely adopted cancer-screening platform to identify cardiovascular risk in women who may not otherwise engage with prevention."

Prof Daniels added: "Regardless of the reporting metric ultimately adopted, it is time to shift BAC from observation to implementation, leveraging a touchpoint women already trust, to advance prevention for what remains the leading cause of death among women.”