DR Congo ex-rebel leader Lumbala's war crimes trial opens in France

He was arrested in France, where he owned a flat, in December 2020 and has been held in a Paris prison since. 

He is being tried under the principle of universal jurisdiction, conditions for which include that he resides in France and should not be prosecuted on similar charges in his home country.

As his trial opened, Lumbala presented himself as a former trade minister and ex-lawmaker. He denied any wrongdoing and contested the competence of the French justice system to try him.

"Does this not remind you of past centuries?" he said, referring to colonialism.

"Look at the composition of the court. No one really knows what is going on in the country," he said, alluding to the white judges. And there is "an African in the dock".

- Rape as 'weapon' -

Investigating magistrates describe Lumbala as a warlord who let fighters from his Uganda-backed rebel movement, the Rally of Congolese Democrats and Nationalists (RCD-N), pillage, execute, rape and mutilate with impunity.

The charges centre on the actions of Lumbala's RCD-N in 2002 and 2003 in the northeastern Ituri and Haut-Uele provinces bordering Uganda and modern-day South Sudan, primarily against the Nande and Bambuti pygmy ethnic groups. 

French authorities believe RCD-N fighters used rape as a "weapon of war", especially towards women from the Nande and Bambuti communities, which the militia suspected of pro-government sympathies. 

United Nations investigators believe the RCD-N's offensive was designed to secure access to the region's resources, which include gold, diamonds and the coltan crucial to the making of mobile phones.

Lumbala, who briefly served as trade minister then ran for president in 2006, insists he was merely a politician with no soldiers or volunteers under his control. 

If convicted, he faces a maximum sentence of life imprisonment.

- 'Strong signal'? -

Human rights groups have hailed his trial as an opportunity to deter further abuses in the eastern DRC, where a Rwanda-backed militia's 2025 advance has fanned the flames of the fighting plaguing the mineral-rich region for more than three decades.

Amnesty International has called the trial "historic", as it was the "first to use the principle of universal jurisdiction for crimes under international law committed in DRC by a Congolese national during the Second Congo War".

Dozens of victims are expected to testify in the more than a month's worth of hearings before the judge is set to hand down their verdict on December 19.

But there are doubts over whether all will be able to make the trip to the French capital. 

The NGOs TRIAL International, the Clooney Foundation for Justice, the Minority Rights Group, Justice Plus and PAP-RDC, which supports pygmy peoples, have hailed the proceedings as "a crucial opportunity to deliver justice for survivors".

The Congolese east's rich mineral veins have been at the centre of much of the fighting to bedevil the region in the past three decades.

The DRC has also previously accused Lumbala of high treason and complicity with the M23 armed group during its first mutiny in the eastern DRC, which ended with its 2013 defeat.

Since taking up arms again, the M23 has seized swathes of the eastern North and South Kivu provinces with Rwanda's support in recent years.

The United Nations likewise believes the militia and its Rwandan allies have committed human rights abuses in the east, though Rwanda denies involvement.

"Holding Lumbala accountable for his actions sends a strong signal in today's ongoing violent conflict in DRC that abuses will be investigated and justice sought," said Samuel Ade Ndasi, a litigation officer with the Minority Rights Group NGO.

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